XXI. THE CALL FOR A CRUSADE
Seljuk Turks
Ummah; caliphates
Ismaili Fatimids of Egypt (shi’ah)
“Amirs”
Abbasid caliphate
Umayyad Caliphat in Córdova
Abu al-Walid Ahmad imb Rushd (Averroës)
College of al-Azhara
Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna)
Sufism
Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazzali
Madrassas at Nizamiyyah, Baghdad
“all my learning is straw.”
The Revival of the Religious Sciences
Shariah
Dar-al-Islam
Alamut, Tehran: “hashishim” or assassins
Anatolia … Battle of Manzikurt (1080)
Rome, Santiago de Compostello, Jerusalem
“Sultan”
Armenians, Maronites (St. Maro) and Jacobites (Jacob Baradeus)
Toledo
Pope Urban II, Chatillon-sur-Marne
Emperor Alexius I comnenus
“for the defense of the Holy Church against the infidels”
Syria: Damascus and Aleppo
Council of Clermont
Bishop of Le Puy & Adhemar
Robert, Duke of Normandy
Hugh, Count of Vermandois
Count Baldwin of Flanders and Godfrey de Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine
Raymond de St. Gilles, Count of Toulouse
Bohemond, son of Roger Guiscard of Sicily
Peter the Hermit and Walter Sanssavoir (Penniless)
“Peoples’ Crusade” across the Bosporus to Nicaea