XXI. THE CALL FOR A CRUSADE

Seljuk Turks

Ummah; caliphates

Ismaili Fatimids of Egypt (shi’ah)

“Amirs”

Abbasid caliphate

Umayyad Caliphat in Córdova

Abu al-Walid Ahmad imb Rushd (Averroës)

College of al-Azhara

Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna)

Sufism

Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazzali

Madrassas at Nizamiyyah, Baghdad

“all my learning is straw.”

The Revival of the Religious Sciences

Shariah

Dar-al-Islam

Alamut, Tehran:  “hashishim”  or assassins

Anatolia … Battle of Manzikurt (1080)

Rome, Santiago de Compostello, Jerusalem

“Sultan”

Armenians, Maronites (St. Maro) and Jacobites (Jacob Baradeus)

Toledo

Pope Urban II, Chatillon-sur-Marne

Emperor Alexius I comnenus

“for the defense of the Holy Church against the infidels”

Syria:  Damascus and Aleppo

Council of Clermont

Bishop of Le Puy & Adhemar

Robert, Duke of Normandy

Hugh, Count of Vermandois

Count Baldwin of Flanders and Godfrey de Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine

Raymond de St. Gilles, Count of Toulouse

Bohemond, son of Roger Guiscard of Sicily

Peter the Hermit and Walter Sanssavoir (Penniless)

“Peoples’ Crusade” across the Bosporus to Nicaea