XI. ERA OF THE RIGHTLY GUIDED ONES

Ali or Abu Bakr?

Umar and Ansar leaders:  a shura

“Caliph” = shaykh of the Ummah

Quran and Hadith:  Ulama

Banu Hashim tribe

Fatima

The Riddah Wars

Aisha

Umar:  Amir al-Mu’manin

Sasanid Empire in Persia

Amir

Uthman ibn Affan

Khalifat Rasul Allah – Kalifat Allah

650 A. D. the canon of the Quran

Shi’atu Ali  or “Shi’ah”

Sunni

“Judgment belongs to God, Ali, not to you!”

Ummayyad in Damascus

Abassid from Persia  (uncle al-Abass) to Baghdad

Fatamids in Egypt

Ummayyad in Spain:  Abd al-Rahman

Saljuq; Ottoman:  1453 Constantinople to Istanbul (to 1924)

Mawlana Maududi, Sayyid Qutb, Ayatollah Khomeini,

Wahabbist Osama ben Laden